Fact#1: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multi-system disease characterized by abnormal transport of chloride and sodium across epithelium, leading to thick, viscous secretions in the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestine and reproductive tract.

Fact#2: Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi with infection and cough.

Fact#3: The incidence of Cystic fibrosis is 1 case per 3,200 newborns in the United States

Angina Pectoris - cardinal symptom of myocardial ischemia is defined as two subtypes, typical and atypical. Typical angina occurs with exertion, touches the sternum, and is relieved by rest. It may be accompanied by nausea and diaphoresis and occasionally by a sense of impending demise. Angina pectoris may be stable and controlled or unstable, which is defined as angina that is severe and of new onset, or that occurs at rest for greater than 10 minutes, or that occurs with escalating frequency and severity. Incidence: 400,000 new cases per year are reported in the United States.

Trachea intubation is carried out under vision control by the laryngoscope. Intubation can be performed either through a mouth (orotracheal intubation) or through a nose (nasotracheal intubation). Each successful intubation depends on three following requirements:

✓ correct patient positioning during manipulation;

✓ depression of pharyngeal and guttural reflexes (adequate induction to anaesthesia);

✓ immobilization of the patient, masticatory cervical muscles relaxation.

Synchronized Controlled Mechanical Ventilation (SCMV) is a ventilation volume-controlled mode. Sometimes it can be named as:

✓ (S)IPPV - Synchronized Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation

✓ A/C - Assist-Contol Ventilation

✓ VCV - Volume Contolled Ventilation

Volume contolled ventilation is most traditional for all ventilator generation. Main indications for (S)CMV are:

• ventilation during surgical operation
• short-term ventilation at post-operative period
• ventilation during relatively health lung tissue (i.e. central acute respiratory failure)

An important component breathing process is a diffusion of the main gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide):

• in lungs a gas exchange occurs between alveoli and pulmonary capillars through alveolocapillary membrane
• in body tissues a gas exchange occurs between cells and peripheric capillars.

According to physic laws, a leading role in the diffusion belongs to the gradient of partial pressures of gas on either side of a diffusive membrane and as well as to the diffusion capacity of gas, which depends on its physical and chemical properties.

Volume controlled ventilation method is the most rigid method of artificial lung ventilation. The degree of respiratory support at VCV is maximum. It isn't given any freedom to the patient on regulation of respiratory cycle parameters. Hereupon, this method should be applied only at patients with the broken regulation of breath at following cases:

• deep coma, accompanied by hypo- or hyperventilation;
• medicamentous depression of respiratory center;
• anaesthesia with application of neuromuscular blocking agent.